| Project Status | Full Research (FR) |
| Duration | Apr. 2021 - Mar. 2028 |
| Research Program | Co-creation of the Earth-human System Program |
| Project No. | 14200156 |
| Project Title | Towards Sustainable Nitrogen Use Connecting Human Society and Nature |
| Abbreviated Title | Sustai-N-able |
| Project Leader | HAYASHI Kentaro |
| URL | https://www.chikyu.ac.jp/Sustai-N-able/index.html |
| Keywords | Nitrogen issue; Nitrogen use; Nitrogen pollution; Nitrogen cycling; Sustainability |
Research purpose and content
Sustai-N-able (SusN) Project targets the nitrogen (N) issue, in which the benefits of N use such as fertilizers, industrial materials, and, more recently, energy sources as well as the use of fossil fuels as energy sources, give rise to the threats of N pollution across global to local scales (Fig. 1). The objective of SusN is to focus primarily on Japan while collaborating with related activities both domestically and internationally, to contribute to the development of universal and globally applicable methods for assessing the N issue, future scenarios, and the underlying scientific knowledge that supports them. Through these efforts, SusN aims to support action plans for international and domestic N management and ultimately to achieve the resolution of the N issue by 2050, together with the realization of food equity and the health of both humanity and nature. SusN tries to achieve the following three breakthroughs during 5-year period: (1) developing a framework to visualize the N-use benefits and N-pollution threats based on scientific knowledge of the driver–pressure–state–impact–response (DPSIR) of the N issue (N-DPSIR), (2) promoting recognition of the N issue among diverse stakeholders (N Recognition), and (3) designing sustainable N use for future generations (Future N Design).
 and nitrogen pollution (threats).png)
Fig. 1. Nitrogen issue is a tradeoff between nitrogen use (benefits) and nitrogen pollution (threats).
N pollution causes various impacts such as climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, air and water pollution, eutrophication, and acidification. In the world in 2010, the benefits of N use were estimated at 2.2 trillion USD, whereas the damage costs due to N pollution were at 1.2 trillion USD (Fig. 2; van Grinsven et al., 2025). The amount of anthropogenic creation of reactive N (Nr, N compounds other than dinitrogen [N2]) now exceeds the natural creation by biological N fixation (Fowler et al., 2013). However, the N use efficiency (NUE) of human activities is low, ca. 20% in the world (Sutton et al., 2013). A large amount of N waste is eventually generated, part of which is lost to the environment as Nr then causes N pollution. It has been assessed repeatedly that the human alternation of the global N cycling has already transgressed the planetary boundaries (Rockstörm et al., 2009; Steffen et al., 2015; Richardson et al., 2023). The world-mean NUE of crop production is ca. 50% and that of livestock production ranges from 5% to 20% (Lassaletta et al., 2014; Bouwman et al., 2013). Preference for animal products, therefore, lowers the food system NUE, and food loss wastes all the N input to produce the lost food. Economic disparity of fertilizer availability results in regions with too much and too little N in the world (Schulte-Uebbing et al., 2022). Places of production and consumption often cross borders, causing that consuming countries contribute to the N pollution in producing countries (Oita et al., 2016). Global N waste has been increasing since 1961, approximately four times in 2005 and will be six times in 2050 compared to that in 1961 (Sutton et al., 2021). Agricultural N input in 2050 will increase to support future food demand that intensifies the surplus N in croplands (Mogollón et al., 2018). A new N use as fuel ammonia (NH3) is being created (Nishina, 2022). In addition to watching future progress, our N use should shift to a more sustainable one to address the N issue.
 of nitrogen pollution in the world in 2010 (van Grinsven et al., 2025).png)
Fig. 2. Benefits of nitrogen use and costs (damages) of nitrogen pollution in the world in 2010 (van Grinsven et al., 2025)
BASE, 2010; S7・S3・S1, scenarios in 2050 (best, intermediate, worst).
Total costs (C) and benefits (B) of global N use in the base year of 2010 and projected for 2050 under contrasting scenarios in real US$ for 2015 price levels, distinguishing effects of increase in flow and unit price. Also shown are the ratios of benefits over costs (BCR).
Based on the estimation by Hayashi et al. (2021), the annual N waste in Japan from 2000 to 2015 was ca. 6 Tg N yr–1, and its per capita value was approximately double of the world mean. More than 80% of the N waste in Japan originated from the imported commodities. Therefore, limited recycling opportunities are available within the nation, and the exporting countries suffer N pollution during the production of exports. N flow with fish products is also important in Japan because that accounts for ca. 20% of the food N supply. Although the NUE of fish products can be hundreds of percent owing to natural catch, the sustainability of fishery resources can be violated. The Nr lost to the environment has showed a decreasing trend in Japan, where the decrease in nitrogen oxides (NOX) from transportation sector was remarkable. Meanwhile, Japan focuses on NH3 fuel in terms of decarbonization because combusted NH3 does not create carbon dioxide. The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) announced a plan in September 2021 that 25 Tg N yr–1 of NH3, corresponding to 18% of the world NH3 production in 2015, will be supplied for fuels in Japan in 2050 (METI, 2021). The NH3 supply will rely on imports due to cost efficiency. There are concerns of economic competition among N uses and of N pollution due to NOX emissions with NH3 combustion and NH3 leakage. The future N use in Japan is uncertain, and its change will spread to the world via international trade. It is expected that policy, technology, and behavior changes for sustainable N use in Japan will contribute to solving the world’s N issue.
The International Nitrogen Initiative (INI) is an expert group officially launched in 2003. INI tackles the N issue, plans international projects, supports international organizations, and hosts international N conferences on a 3-year basis (INI, 2025). PL Hayashi was appointed as the director of INI East Asia Centre in November 2022. PL is working to connect experts in East and Southeast Asia, link national and international activities, and prepare for the 10th International N Conference (N2026) in November 2026 in Kyoto (N2026, 2025). UNEP and INI worked on the International Nitrogen Management System (INMS) project (Oct. 2017–Jun. 2023) to apply scientific knowledge to international policies (INMS, 2024a). PL and several SusN members have contributed to INMS. Its final product, the International Nitrogen Assessment (INA), will be published in 2026 (Sutton et al., 2026). SusN can be considered a spin-off of INMS (INMS, 2024b). The United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) is held on a 2-year basis and its fourth and fifth sessions adopted the Resolution on Sustainable Nitrogen Management (UNEP, 2019b; 2022). Following the first resolution, UNEP established the Working Group on Nitrogen (WGN) in 2020 to discuss and form the framework of international N management (WGN, 2025). Japan has also been part of the WGN since 2022, with the Ministry of the Environment (MoE) as the national focal point and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF). PL and SusN member Nishina have been helping them as experts since the 4th WGN. Unfortunately, a third N resolution was not tables at UNEA-7 in December 2025. In early 2024, RIHN joined the UNEP Global Partnership on Nutrient Management (GPNM), a multi-stakeholder group established in 2009 for sustainable nutrient use (GPNM, 2025) in January 2024 with PL as the contact person. Then, PL was appointed as a member of the GPNM Steering Committee in June 2024 for three years upon a recommendation of MoE. In September 2024, MoE developed the world's first national action plan (NAP) on sustainable N management (MoE, 2024). PL served as the chair of its working group, and two SusN members contributed to the action plan as working group members.
Research on the N issue has made progress on individual topics, e.g., elucidation and numerical modeling of environmental N cycling processes, environmental monitoring, impact assessment of each pollution, N footprint development as an indicator, agri-environmental policy analysis, and technology development for industrial applications. However, many interdisciplinary themes to address the N issue remain. Examples include responses and impacts of natural ecosystems to Nr loading, precise quantification of N flows in human society with pathways to the environment and their future scenarios, material and economic effects of policy, technology, and behavior change on the N issue, and the visualization of causal relationships between N use and N pollution to develop a framework to support decision-making. Furthermore, a transdisciplinary approach with various stakeholders to co-create sustainable N use is essential. This is because N is deeply connected to all human activities through the production and consumption of food, goods, and energy. Future Design (FD), a method of creating ideas as imaginary future persons, is expected to be used for co-creating ideas to address the N issue, for which SusN has been working with the RIHN FD Project (PL: Nakagawa).
SusN aims to deepen research in each field on the N issue and to make the following three breakthroughs: (1) N-DPSIR, (2) N Recognition, and (3) Future N Design. (1) provides a tool for quantitative evaluation (e.g., cost-benefit analysis [CBA]) and visualization of how N use and N pollution are changed by policy, technology, and behavior change. (2) compiles up-to-date interdisciplinary knowledge (e.g., various specialized books), transdisciplinary knowledge (e.g., narratives on the N issue), and approaches to each stakeholder. (3) practices FD with various domestic and international stakeholders and gains experience working with international N management by UNEP. The outcome of SusN is to provide quantitative information on the effects of various measures and behavior changes based on the causal relationship between N use and N pollution, to promote diverse stakeholders to make the N issue their own through inter- and trans-disciplinary knowledge of the N issue, and then to generate ideas of the sustainable N use for future generation. As a result, we expect that awareness of the N issue will increase both domestically and internationally, existing and new efforts toward sustainable N use will be strengthened, and breakthroughs will be made toward resolving the N issue.
Many unknowns remain in the N issue. The first pillar of our research is to accumulate scientific knowledge covering natural science and social science and to promote interdisciplinary research (e.g., field research, laboratory experiments, numerical analysis, questionnaire surveys, data development, and scenario building). To take actions to address the N issue, a mechanism is needed to support policy making, to spread awareness of the N issue among different stakeholders, and to create ideas for sustainable N use. The second pillar is, therefore, transdisciplinary research to integrate existing and cutting-edge interdisciplinary knowledge and co-create breakthroughs with other stakeholders. The third pillar is to create positive synergies through close collaboration with N-related programs and projects in Japan and abroad, as there are limits to what SusN can accomplish on its own. Such collaboration will generate many spin-offs and increase the likelihood that a group of projects contributing to sustainable N use will continue after SusN ends.
SusN consists of three interdisciplinary research units (RUs): Natural Cycling Unit responsible for elucidating the unknowns of environmental N dynamics and providing information and data on the natural science aspects of N for analysis by other units, Human Society Unit responsible for calculating N flows associated with the production and consumption of food, goods, and energy, and the emissions of each N species to the environment and developing future scenarios for N use, and Economic Evaluation Unit responsible for measuring the social costs associated with human activities such as food production and consumption and clarifying behavioral changes and nudge effects related to N. SusN also has one transdisciplinary research unit; Future Design Unit to achieve three breakthroughs in collaboration with the other three units. In addition to establishing common analysis sites, the unit works on inter- and trans-disciplinary research from both bottom-up and top-down perspectives, linking local, national, regional, and global scales (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Schematic view of research approach. Three interdisciplinary research units (RUs; natural cycling, human society, and economic evaluation) deepen each research, and one transdisciplinary unit (Future Design) works to achieve the three breakthroughs, i.e., N-DPSIR analysis, N recognition, and future N challenge, in close collaboration with the other RUs. DPSIR, driver-pressure-state-impact-response; INMS, International Nitrogen Management System; UNEP, United Nations Environment Programme; and INI, International Nitrogen Initiative.
The research roadmap is shown in section 7. The common research sites are Tokyo Bay area and Lake Biwa, etc., and each unit may establish its own sites (e.g., Yosano Town, Miyakojima Island, and Minamata City). The four units work together to elucidate the actual state of the natural and social N cycle at each site and the DPSIR linkage (EEA, 1999; EEA, 2005; 9. Fig. 4), to elucidate the differences and similarities in the behavior of local stakeholders (e.g., producers and consumers) in each site with respect to the N issue, and conduct transdisciplinary research to spread awareness of the N issue and co-design future N use.
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Fig. 4. Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) framework applied to one aspect of the nitrogen issue, i.e,. atmospheric transportation, deposition, and exposure as an example.
The following are expected: significant enhancement of interdisciplinary knowledge, (e.g., spatio-temporal relationship between water quality and N deposition in mountain streamwater nationwide, N flows in human society and Nr emissions to the environment, social costs of N pollution control measures, etc.), collaborative research results in natural and social sciences (e.g., social experiments supported by natural sciences, N footprint and other indicators for economic evaluation and behavior change, an N-DPSIR visualization tool, etc.), various narratives based on inter- and trans-disciplinary knowledge (e.g. brochures and videos on the N issue [already produced], awareness of the N issue through various outreach activities, specialized books, Japanese Nitrogen Assessment [JaNA] as the final product, etc.), and ideas contributing to sustainable N use derived from FD practices with domestic and international stakeholders. Important achievements include contributions to N management by UNEP and that in Japan, publication of INA in mid-FR3 (PL is an editor), and hosting the 10th International N Conference in Kyoto in mid-FR4 (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. Expected outputs and outcomes of the Sustai-N-able Project.
SusN consists of three RUs in charge of interdisciplinary research (Natural Cycling, Human Society, and Economic Evaluation) and one RU in charge of transdisciplinary research (Future Design). The three interdisciplinary RUs strive to deepen research in their respective fields of study, while also conducting collaborative research at the common research sites to accumulate cross-disciplinary knowledge on the N issue. Future Design Unit collaborates with the other RUs to co-create inter- and trans-disciplinary knowledge with other stakeholders. Future Design Unit sets up several missions, e.g., activities on N recognition, forming respective teams from interested members from all RUs. Each unit has a unit leader. Sub-unit leaders may be appointed by decision of the unit leader. Since Future Design Unit is responsible for the integrated task of co-creating transdisciplinary knowledge, PL also takes on the role of leader of this unit. The composition of leaders and members (as of 9 January 2026) is shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Research units and members of Sustai-N-able Project (as of 9 January 2026).
Challenges and achievements for this year
To create actions to address the N issue, support for decision-making such as policies, awareness rising of the N issue, and a mechanism to generate free ideas to realize sustainable N use for future generations are required. They will be achieved by the three SusN breakthroughs, (1) N-DPSIR, (2) N Recognition, and (3) Future N Design. While the Natural Cycling, Human Society, and Economic Evaluation Units conduct interdisciplinary research, several missions are set that would lead to transdisciplinary research by the Future Design Unit to achieved the three breakthroughs, and a team is formed for each mission with participants from all units, e.g., cost-benefit analysis (CBA), analysis in the Tokyo Bay area, and FD practices with various stakeholders. After having selected Tokyo Bay, Lake Biwa, Matsushima Bay, and Lake Kasumigaura as common study sites, activities in FR3 are converging on Tokyo Bay and Lake Biwa as our main targets. Meanwhile, activities in Miyakojima Island, Yosano Town, and Minamata City and the Shiranui Sea area are gaining momentum as local stakeholder collaborations. Following the Japan’s NAP (MoE, 2024), municipal-level initiatives have been launched, for which SusN is providing support. To raise international awareness of oligotrophication, an English opinion paper was published (Fig. 7; Hayashi et al., 2025a). SusN has collaborated with other programs and projects such as JST COI-NEXT Gastronomy Geopolitics (PL: Matsubae, Human Society Unit leader), Environment Research and Technology Development Fund JpNwst (PL: Nishina, Natural Cycling Unit member), NEDO Moonshot N Cycling (PL: Kawamoto, AIST), life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) LIME (Itsubo, Waseda University), INI, and UNEP as well as activities in RIHN. Our highest priority is to foster human connections among diverse inter- and trans-disciplinary fields. The four SusN RUs have been strengthened with the participation of leading researchers in the fields of biogeochemistry, isotopic chemistry, environmental engineering, industrial ecology, agronomy, agricultural economics, environmental economics, and life history, as well as experts in unique activities from inter- and trans-disciplinary aspects of agriculture, food culture, cooking, environmental education, and media. SusN has hired RIHN researchers who are expected to be future leaders in research and actions that contribute to addressing the N issue, and research associates to support our various activities.
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Fig. 7. Oligotrophication trends of enclosed seas in Japan (Hayashi et al., 2025)
In FS, SusN published Japanese N budgets (Hayashi et al., 2021a), held many symposia and workshops, and published “Picture Book of Nitrogen and the Environment” (Hayashi et al., 2021b). In PR, SusN published many reviews, books, and articles on the N issue and PL was selected as a member of INI, the first case from Japan. In FR1, SusN supported the “Mountain Health Checkup”, a nationwide mountain streamwater survey using a citizen science method (Kyoto University, 2022). This was a precursor to the survey that SusN originally planned to conduct in FR1 and a follow-up to the 2003 nationwide survey by the RIHN Environmental Valuation Project. Activities with the RIHN FD Project, workshops on interpreting the N issue through systems thinking and creating strategies to spread awareness of the N issue (Hayashi et al., 2025b), and activities in Miyakojima Island and Yosano Town were also implemented. From the end of FS to early PR, study meetings on the N issue were held for MAFF, MoE, METI, and Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT), and after several inquiries from MoE, N management was identified as an administrative need for the FY2023 Environment Research and Technology Development Fund, and the proposed project was adopted as JpNwst (PL: Nishina). JpNwst contributes to the realization of breakthroughs (1) and (3) through the development of Japanese N inventory and the evaluation of reduction potential of N waste. In FR2, several books and papers were published (Makino et al., 2024; Shigetomi et al., 2024; Kuriyama, 2024; 2025). The JaNA editorial board was formed to prepare its writing guidance and draft contents. We held a Chronological Table of Meals workshop in Miyakojima City and committed to the Smart Green Village Establishment Council of Yosano Town. The exhibition “Ghost Story and Nitrogen” in collaboration with art and design was a success (Loftwork, 2024). We developed an FD experience package and put into practice at the 22nd International N Workshop (Aarhus, Denmark). A symposium with speakers from MoE and MAFF was organized at the 2024 Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. SusN contributed to formulating the Japan’s NAP (MoE, 2024). Internationally, SusN has contributed to the WGN and GPNM and successfully secured the hosting N2026 in Kyoto. Detailed information is given in Section 3. 1).
Breakthrough 1 N-DPSIR: A pathway of simplified CBA was established. Progress had previously been constrained by delays in the publication of INA; however, a co-authored CBA paper was published in the summer of FR3 (Fig. 2, van Grinsven et al., 2025). By combining the derived unit damage costs with Japanese N budgets (e.g., Hayashi et al., 2021a), simplified CBA becomes feasible. Methodological improvements and an extension of Japanese N budgets to 1990–2023 have been achieved through collaboration with the JpNwst project. All INA chapters have now been completed, and publication information is expected to be released shortly by Cambridge University Press.
Breakthrough 2 N Recognition: Outreach activities expanded substantially, leading to increased external requests. A strategy for enhancing societal recognition of the N issue was established, including collaboration with art and design. Public events and symposia in FS, PR, and FR1 attracted several hundred participants across multiple phases. Key outreach outputs included publications, bilingual illustrated materials, a short introductory video (Hayashi et al., 2021b; SusN, 2023; Hayashi & Abe, 2023; RIHN & Loftwork, 2024), and the establishment of the editorial committee for JaNA, the final SusN deliverable. In FR3, interactive tools such as the “Feelings of Nitrogen” Game and Nitrogen Quiz Cards were developed, proving particularly effective for outreach to school-aged audiences.
Breakthrough 3 Future N Design: Direct contributions to N management were achieved at both national and international levels. Domestically, we supported the formulation of Japan’s NAP (MoE, 2024) and subsequent municipal initiatives. Internationally, activities were supported through roles within INI, GPNM, and WGN. Research on FD progressed, with outcomes published (Nakagawa et al., 2025a; 2025b), and FD-based deliberation was implemented at international conferences, including applications to technology assessment (Nakagawa et al., 2025c). In addition, we successfully secured the hosting of N2026 in Kyoto in November 2026 (N2026, 2025).
The election of the PL as the INI East Asia Director (from November 2022) is the result of a review process, and is self-evaluated as a recognition of the efforts of SusN and PL. The press release of the Japanese N budgets in FS (Hayashi et al., 2021a) generated inquiries from government agencies, and through study meetings and discussions with relevant ministries in PR and FR1, SusN was able to assist MoE in the formulation of Japan’s NAP (MoE, 2024). Based on the recommendation by MoE, PL was selected as a member of the GPNM Steering Committee. Although these were ambitious goals for SusN, they were achieved at a scale and pace that exceeded initial expectations. N2026, to be held in Kyoto in November 2026 and chaired by PL as Organizing Committee Chair, will represent an important opportunity at the first International Nitrogen Conference to be hosted in Japan.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, publication of INA, the final delivery of the INMS project, has been significantly delayed and remains unpublished. The CBA framework to be included in INA constitutes important reference information for SusN Breakthrough 1; however, the CBA component was published in advance as a co-authored paper (van Grinsven et al., 2025). In parallel, the BRIDGE project led by Itusbo (Waseda University), a life cycle assessment (LCA) researcher, was launched in FR2, in which PL is also involved, with the explicit aim of integrating CBA and LCA methodologies.
There have been no changes to the research objectives, methodologies, or organizational structure. At the conclusion of the PR phase, the Sub-Leader and Co-Head of the Future Design Unit stepped down; however, the project has proceeded without appointing a new Sub-Leader. The Natural Cycling Unit and the Human Society Unit have each appointed Deputy Heads within their respective units.
Breakthrough 1 N-DPSIR: Several key publications were produced, including: evaluation of the feasibility of a 30% reduction in fertilizer application based on a meta-analysis (Nishina et al., 2025); strategies for enhancing societal recognition of the N issue using systems thinking (Fig. 8; Hayashi et al., 2025b); FD applications to visioning future NH3 use and rice consumption (Fig. 9; Nakagawa et al., 2025a; 2025b); the potential for agricultural recycling of food waste using the Keihoku region as a model case (Jung et al., 2025); a global-scale assessment of the benefits and the damage costs of N use for 2010 and 2050 (van Grinsven et al., 2025); an English-language book based on The Economics of Sustainable Agriculture (Kuriyama, 2024; 2025); two INMS guidance documents focusing on N budgets and impact assessment (Winiwarter et al., 2025; Shibata et al., 2025); and the response of N cycling in glacier-foreland soils in Svalbard to passive warming experiments (Hayashi et al., 2025c). Several other papers are currently under preparation or peer review, and preparations for additional publications are underway (e.g., Sutton et al., 2026; Hayashi, 2026a; 2026b). Activities within each research unit have progressed as planned. In terms of inter-unit collaboration, an opinion paper on oligotrophication in enclosed coastal seas (Hayashi et al., 2025a) and a research paper based on surveys in Matsushima Bay have been published (Jiang et al., 2025). Field surveys and preparations for a festival in Miyakojima City have also been advanced. Regarding project collaborations, substantial progress was achieved in a project aimed at extending Japanese N inventory and assessing reduction potential of N waste (JpNwst; PL: Nishina), including the revision of Japanese N budgets and its extension to cover 1990–2023. In a technology development project focused on the direct recovery of reactive N from exhaust gas and wastewater (MSN; PL: Kawamoto), contributions are made by SusN PL as an external evaluation committee member, serving as a bridge to future collaboration on N management. In the LCA project initiated in FR2 (SIP-BRIDGE; PL: Itsubo), work progressed on the estimation of damage factors for eutrophication.

Fig. 8. Stakeholder relationships and theory of changes towards awareness rising on the nitrogen issue in the Japanese food industry and diet (Hayashi et al., 2025b) [in Japanese with English abstract]

Fig. 9. Procedures for Future Design by scientists applied to the future design for ammonia use (Nakagawa et al., 2025a)
Breakthrough 2 N Recognition: Approximately 3,000 copies of SusN leaflets (Japanese and English versions) have been distributed since FR1, and a short video with Japanese and English subtitles produced has been used in various outreach activities. In collaboration with the RHIN Education Division and Public Relations Unit, the “Feelings of Nitrogen” Game was developed for children, enabling players to learn about their deep connections with N by role-playing N while moving through natural and social systems. The game was used in the Future Scientist Training Program (Kyoto Municipal Science Center for Youth) and was well received by elementary and junior high school students. Although applications to MEXT’s “One Poster per Household” initiative advanced to the interview stage three times, they were not selected; the poster will instead be finalized independently in FR4. Major events co-organized by SusN included a regional issues workshop in Miyakojima City and Terramadre Japan 2025 in Minamata. Planning is also underway for Sustai-N-able Island Day 2026 in Miyakojima City. These activities have strengthened human networks with local groups working toward sustainable food and environment. PL has also been engaged in numerous lectures and talks, observing a gradual increase in awareness of the N issue. Lead authors for each chapter of JaNA, the final SusN deliverable, were appointed, an expanded editorial meeting was held, author guidelines were finalized, and writing has begun.
Breakthrough 3 Future N Design: FD was applied in combination with technology assessment through sessions involving both experts and citizens. To gain perspectives for future scenario building, work began on the “Worldviews of Nitrogen” survey, including the formation of a research team and the development of questionnaire items, with a pilot survey being finished by the end of FR3. In domestic policy support, SusN contributed in FR3 as advisors and committee members to related MoE initiatives, and PL and some SusN members participated in discussions on agricultural futures in Yosano Town. PL was also appointed to a national committee on nitrate pollution control for groundwater protection and provided an overview of the N issue to representatives from 230 municipalities at the first national information-sharing meeting in October 2025. Internationally, PL has been involved in the INI Steering Committee member and the GPNM Steering Committee. At the request of MoE, the PL and Nishina (SusN member) participated in the 7th WGN meeting in July 2025 and UNEA-7 in December 2025.
Across all breakthroughs, organizational arrangements for N2026—including the Secretariat, Organizing Committee, and Advisory Committee—were established under the leadership of the PL as Organizing Committee Chair. Program structures and session lists have been developed, and preparations are underway for N2026 including a public symposium and the RIHN International Symposium for FY2026.
Breakthrough 1: Following the publication of a co-authored CBA paper, a framework has been established to conduct a Japan-specific CBA by combining the emission-based unit damage costs with Japanese N budgets extended through the JpNwst project. In parallel, within the LCA project, progress has been made toward estimating damage factors for eutrophication in terms of plant extinction risk. In FR4, damage assessment linked to the LCA methodology will be conducted and compared with the CBA results.
Breakthrough 2: Through extensive outreach, awareness of the N issue has steadily increased across a widening range of audiences, including citizens, schoolchildren, university students, producers, local governments, policymakers, and researchers from other disciplines. The chapter structure and corresponding lead authors for each chapter of JaNA, the final SusN deliverable, have been finalized and writing has begun.
Breakthrough 3: Direct contributions to domestic and international N management were achieved in FR2. In FR3, follow-up activities were expanded, including outreach to municipal agriculture and environmental divisions in Japan. N2026, themed “Sustainable Nitrogen Management for Future Generations,” is planned to culminate in the adoption of the Kyoto Declaration, which will incorporate our shared vision for future N use and management.
A key achievement is that direct engagement in domestic and international N management was realized as early as FR2. SusN contributed to Japan’s NAP, the world’s first of its kind, and provided expert input to UNEP-led international N management, both directly and indirectly in support of Japan. PL serves on the INI and GPNM Steering Committees and has participated in WGN and UNEA at the request of MoE, while maintaining independence as a researcher. SusN also successfully secured the hosting of N2026 in Japan, selected as a jointly organized international conference of the Science Council of Japan (tentative). Held in conjunction with the RIHN International Symposium including a public symposium, N2026 will be an important opportunity to advance SusN’s objectives and enhance RIHN’s presence.
For Breakthrough 1, progress in establishing a CBA framework has been slower than planned, mainly due to further delays in the publication of INA, which was intended as a key global reference. In response, the CBA methodology and core results of INA were published in advance as a peer-reviewed paper in August of FR3 (van Grinsven et al., 2025). By combining the unit benefit and damage factors from this paper with Japanese N budgets extended to 1990–2023 through the JpNwst project, a pathway toward a simplified nitrogen CBA for Japan has been established, and quantitative analyses are underway within FR3. In parallel, the BRIDGE project launched in FR2 is expected to derive eutrophication damage factors within FR3. Comparative evaluation of CBA and LCA results is planned for FR4, contributing to the design of causal analysis tools. While tool development remains challenging, FR5 will consolidate the achieved research outcomes and provide a foundation for subsequent work.
The three breakthroughs of SusN correspond to the three goals of the program “Co-creation of the Earth-human System Program”: elucidating linkages between diverse human activities and nature to reduce trade-offs and enhance synergies, developing effective communication approaches, and transforming human–nature relationships for a sustainable future. Furthermore, the “Worldviews of Nitrogen” survey initiated in FR3 involves Taniguchi PD and is designed with potential interaction and cooperation with the “Worldviews of Water” survey being conducted under the RIHN LINKAGE project.
Future tasks
Plans for each research unit in FR4 and toward achieving the three breakthroughs are as follows.
1, Assess the impacts of wastewater treatment plants on riverine and coastal water quality at both regional and process levels; 2, Analyze national patterns of watershed-scale N dynamics by integrating atmospheric, mountainous, riverine, and coastal water quality data, and visualize results using GIS; 3, Evaluate N deposition vulnerability of forested catchments nationwide using historical and current mountain stream datasets combined with machine learning; and 4, Analyze N cycling in the Tokyo Bay and Lake Biwa, and support choice experiments conducted by the Economic Evaluation Unit.
1, Refine N footprint analysis based on extended input–output tables, incorporation of N emissions associated with resource and energy use in food systems, and revision of region-specific virtual N factors; and 2, Develop scenario analyses of future N use applicable to CBA, such as improvements in agricultural NUE, utilization of waste and unused resources, and trade-offs between low-carbon technologies and increased N waste.
1, Analyze agri-environmental policies and plant-based food choices; 2, Analyze consumer preferences for plant-based meat; 3, Conduct choice experiments on willingness to pay for water quality improvement in Tokyo Bay; and 4, Analyze producers’ choices regarding environmentally friendly practices.
1, Establish a basic CBA framework by combining international unit values from INA with the expanded Japanese N budgets, estimate scenario-based changes in N flows, and improve the framework through comparison with LCA-based evaluations; 2, Synthesize and publish results of the “Worldviews of Nitrogen” survey; 3, Actively promote outreach through lectures, talks, and public events, with particular emphasis on the National Museum of Nature and Science–RIHN joint exhibition; 4, Engage in knowledge sharing and co-creation with local stakeholders in Miyakojima City, Yosano Town, and the Minamata–Shiranui Sea region; and 5, Contribute to domestic (e.g., MoE, MAFF) and international (e.g., UNEP, INI) Ns management and strengthen related networks.
All units, in collaboration with external partners, will continue work on JaNA. N2026 will be held together with the RIHN International Symposium and a public symposium, serving as a platform to disseminate SusN outcomes and to formulate the Kyoto Declaration on Sustainable Nitrogen Management for Future Generations.
Following advice from Taniguchi PD at the end of FR2 to strengthen the cultural approach, we have focused on exploring diverse perspectives on culture beyond food studies in FR3. A dedicated team was formed to develop the “Worldviews of Nitrogen” survey, and a pilot survey is currently underway. In parallel, collaboration was established with forward-looking local groups in Minamata and surrounding areas, culminating in the co-organization of Terramadre Japan 2025 in Minamata in FR3, with participation from local authorities and multiple stakeholders. Internal coordination has been strengthened through close information sharing between PL and unit heads, with the PL supporting activities as needed to promote collaboration. While the absence of a sub-leader has not caused operational issues, contingency planning is recognized as necessary.
Continued institutional support for outreach activities is requested. In FR3, collaboration among the Education Division, Public Relations Unit, and SusN enabled a children’s program and the development of the “Feelings of Nitrogen” game. In FR4, N2026 will be held including the RIHN International Symposium and a public symposium supported by the Public Relations Unit and cooperation from other centers and projects, positioning RIHN as a co-host institution. Institutional support is requested to ensure smooth and mutually beneficial implementation. JaNA, the final SusN deliverables (Japanese and English editions) are planned for publication in the RIHN book series; production of the Japanese edition has begun with approval from Kyoto University Press, and discussions with Springer-Nature will proceed for the English edition. We request RIHN’s support for these publications.