| プロジェクト区分 | フルリサーチ(FR) |
| 期間 | 2019年04月 - 2026年03月 |
| プログラム | 実践プログラム2: 多様な資源の公正な利用と管理 |
| プロジェクト番号 | 14200149 |
| 研究プロジェクト | Fair for whom? Politics, power and precarity in transformations of swidden social-ecological systems in Southeast Asia |
| プロジェクトリーダー | Grace Wong |
| URL | http://www.fairfrontiers.sakura.ne.jp/home/ |
研究目的と内容
Frontiers are not simply remote or far-away spaces. Frontiers are spaces ‘imagined’ as having unlimited possibilities for extraction and framed as being integral to economic activity (Cons & Eilenberg 2019, Tsing 2005). Frontier regions are traditionally multifunctional landscapes of mixed agriculture, fallow and forest mosaics and rapidly being converted to plantations and other extractive uses throughout the tropical Global South. These diverse relational landscapes contribute to diverse social, cultural and livelihood needs, are maintained by smallholder farming and customary practices, and are areas where indigenous people and local communities have resource and land rights (Peluso, 2005; Tsing 2005). Conversion of these complex systems to homogenous and commodified landscapes have a long and violent history, and its continued loss is both a global environmental problem and a social-ecological crisis (Beckert et al. 2021; Wolford 2021).
The history of extraction and intensification in frontiers have a long history, pursued under the guise of ‘increasing productivity of empty lands’ since colonial histories, and of ‘sustainable development’ in the 21st century, (Doolittle 2004; Rasmussen et al. 2018; Kumar 2024; Wong et al. 2022) but without the promised win-win outcomes and with its benefits habitually captured by more powerful and capital-rich actors (Dauvergne 1997; Hardin 2011; Pemunta, 2014; Schoenberger et al., 2017). Despite these outcomes, policies of land use intensification and market-based solutions continue to be promoted as the development solution. The interplay of institutional histories, politics and interests have influenced flows of finance, commodities and discourses that have often simply reinforced a continuation of business-as-usual (Brockhaus et al. 2024; Mosseau et al. 2020; Windey, 2020). Meanwhile, local people have to adapt and navigate ever more restrictive access to forests, land and resources, and attempt to reshape, limit or make possible the development options that are available (Hall et al. 2015; Wong et al., 2024).
How can development in frontiers transform to be more sustainable and equitable, and include local and indigenous justice? We apply an analytical frame to examine transformational change in frontiers as shifts of power relations, discursive practices and incentive structures away from extractive practices (Brockhaus et al. 2021). We apply an interdisciplinary and mixed methods approach to assess the social-ecological system and transdisciplinary approaches to include different knowledge systems and practices. Further, we apply critical analytical methods to examine the complex histories, political and institutional dynamics, and discursive practices in frontiers and their equity consequences.
The overall objective of this research is thus to generate grounded contextual understandings of the social-political-ecological aspects of transformations in forest-agriculture frontiers in Central Africa and Southeast Asia, and to identify options for equitable and sustainable development.
We carried out research in forest-agriculture frontiers across Central Africa and Southeast Asia. Our case study regions are Cameroon, DRC, Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia Borneo), Laos and Sulawesi (led by Universitas Hasanuddin). These regions present unique cases of changing frontiers with different social- political-ecological contexts and processes of change. We collected and analyzed various sources of data and knowledge, including field observations at local levels, local and indigenous knowledge, policy documents, spatial data, trade transactions and archival materials.
The project is organized as five interlinked modules in a structure that enables interdisciplinary and collaborative work. The project adapts an integrated approach towards understanding how socio-ecological change in frontiers affects, and are co-constructed by, capabilities to pursue material and non-material wellbeing (Masterson et al. 2019; Sen 1999). We build on the IPBES conceptual frame on plural values and nature’s contribution to people (IPBES 2022; Diaz et al. 2018) as a frame for inclusion of relational values and diverse knowledge systems. This involves a deeply participatory approach to understanding the non-material and relational aspects of wellbeing and ecosystem services using mix of gender-disaggregated focus group discussions, transect walks, qualitative ecosystem service valuations, soil sampling and photovoice (FairFrontiers 2024; 2025).
A key aspect of the project’s analytical framework is its critical examination of the underlying politics and discursive power that underlies frontier change, ranging from institutional path dependencies of (colonial and post-colonial) development (Cochrane & Andrews 2021; Lees 2017; Peluso & Vandergeest 2001) and everyday politics (Kerkvliet, 2009; Scott, 1986). We take inspiration from recent research on the assemblage of politics, interests and access in frontiers (Cons & Eilenberg 2019; Ishikawa, 2018; Mahanty 2022; O’Reilly & Varkkey 2024), and carry out critical discursive analyses of policy (Nkongolo et al. 2025), media and archival material (Ehrlichmann 2024; Goldsmith 2024), network and coalition analyses (Brockhaus et al. 2025; Kan et al. 2024), as well as apply a telecoupling approach to dissect the flows of finance, commodities and ideas in, and out of frontiers (Ali & Varkkey 2023; Downing et al. 2021; Koh et al. 2025).
To carry out empirical assessments of equity in changing frontiers, we draw on theories of social and environmental justice and equity (Fraser, 2010; Pascual et al. 2023; Schlosberg & Carruthers, 2010; Sikor et al., 2014), and examine our data through a multi-dimensional lens that also consider relational values, knowledge pluralism and political histories (Dkamela et al., in review; Holm 2022; Stephen et al., in review; Wong et al. 2024).
The field research used a structured data collection and management protocol (FairFrontiers 2024) and were co-led by the in-country research partners. Through partners, we carried out methods training and engaged with local graduate and undergraduate students, indigenous teachers and community members in data collection and field activities. Recognizing that our research is on indigenous and customary lands and with often marginal communities, we adhere to values of integrity and respect as outlined in the research ethics, and practice reciprocity of knowledge in a relational accountability toward local and Indigenous communities (David-Chavez et al. 2024). All partners, students and community members agree to a principle of ethical research, including in field work, data analyses and publication.
本年度の課題と成果
The deep interdisciplinary collaborations and close working relationships amongst the project members and country partners have led to diverse ways of knowing and understanding equity, wellbeing and human-nature relations. This reflexivity is helping to advance theory and methods. We are working on theory- and framework-building on infrastructures driving inequalities and distal flows and local (in)justice, as well as empirical and nuanced analyses of equity, ecosystem services and wellbeing. Much of our work has been presented at public seminars in the research regions and feedback from country actors inform the interpretation of data. Importantly, the project members collectively contribute towards transformative policy change through dialogues and engagement with diverse actor groups.
Since the start of the project, 22 peer-reviewed journal articles and 9 book chapters have been published. We have co-edited a special section in Forest & Society journal: “Centering equity and justice in land use transformation in the Global South”, which is now published with 7 articles. We developed 1 graduate-level course and 6 lecture series, and our research has contributed to completion of 9 MSc. An additional 5 PhDs and 2 MSc are ongoing in the local universities, as well as in the universities of our core partners.
In addition to the academic outputs, we have carried out photovoice activities in 4 regions, (co)organized 4 photovoice exhibitions (thus far), and (co)organized 8 public seminars and 1 international conference across the research regions. Further, we gave 61 talks in 18 international conferences and published 3 policy briefs.
The project held a public exhibition of our research, Lives on the Edge, together with a series of research talks, in the Kyoto Human Rights Research Institute from 12-19 Jan, 2026.
Field data collection was completed in 2025. We build our data corpus using a diverse portfolio of research methods that enables comparability across sites. This data corpus allows for site-specific and comparative analyses of material and non-material wellbeing-ecosystem interlinkages, and empirical assessments of wellbeing and equity (Dhiaulhaq et al. 2024; Maung et al. 2025; Metaragakusuma et al, in review; Sidibe et al., in review).
We are currently working on a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) design to ‘learn’ from the different contexts of the case regions (Mello 2021). The QCA approach allows us to identify the combination of enabling (and hindering) conditions that enable more equitable and sustainable development pathways. A 2-day workshop was held in October 2025 on the QCA research design. This work is co-constructed and co-analyzed with our country partners who provide deep contextual knowledge and understanding of the data.