Project Status | Full Research (FR) |
Duration | Apr. 2019 - Mar. 2027 |
Research Program | Program2: Fair Use and Management of Diverse Resources |
Project No. | 14200145 |
Project Title | Adaptive Governance of Multiple Resources based on Land-Sea Linkages of the Water Cycle: Application to Coral Reef Island Systems |
Abbreviated Title | LINKAGE Project |
Project Leader | SHINJO Ryuichi |
URL | https://www.chikyu.ac.jp/rihn/activities/project/project/12/ |
Keywords | Coral Reef Island System, Land-Sea Linkages of Water Cycle, Use and Management of Natural Resources |
Research purpose and content
Objectives and background
The LINKAGE Project aims to elucidate adaptive governance strategies necessary to achieve resilient, nature-integrated societies in the coral reef island systems of the Western Pacific, where people sustainably utilize limited multiple resources like water, fishery and forest resources amidst climate change and socio-economic shifts. The goal is to cope with these changes while effectively managing and using resources.
The islands nurturing rich coral reef seas span the tropical to subtropical regions. Water is extremely precious in these coral reef islands, and inhabitants have ingeniously utilized limited water resources like groundwater and springs since ancient times. Water is intimately tied to people's livelihoods as a resource but also circulates, transforming in shape, and serves as a medium linking land and sea. The scale of water circulation connecting land and sea in these islands is small, intricately connecting the coral reef ecosystems that nurture marine resources essential to our lives. However, recent influences from land use and socio-economic changes have caused water resource depletion and deteriorating water quality in these islands, becoming a factor in the degradation of coral reef ecosystems through the water cycle. Furthermore, changes in rainfall patterns, sea level rise, ocean acidification, and rising sea surface temperature exacerbate these conditions. To sustainably utilize limited natural resources (multiple resources) like vulnerable water, fishery and forest resources in coral reef islands, enhancing adaptive governance capable of addressing climate change and socio-economic shifts is crucial.
Following are some specific backgrounds:
a) The increased use of chemical fertilizers globally significantly improved food production. However, in advanced nations such as those in EU and Japan, excessive fertilization became evident (Nishio, 2002). In Japan, consumption of chemical fertilizers for crops other than rice surged from 1961 to 1973. Sugarcane cultivation in the Ryukyu Islands was promoted, leading to excessive fertilization, contributing to the eutrophication of water environments, including the rise in nitrate nitrogen concentrations in groundwater.
b) Sugarcane cultivation and brown sugar production expanded due to the reinforcement of the Satsuma domain's tax system during the Edo period, later becoming a major industry representing Amami and Okinawa after the Meiji era. Post-World War II, facing natural disasters like droughts in the 1960s, there was a rapid and extensive shift from rice cultivation to sugarcane farming.
c) Widespread use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and large machinery led to a dramatic increase in grain production in export-oriented agricultural countries. This resulted in importing cheap grains and a rapid advancement of productive livestock farming domestically and in advanced nations. However, this also led to environmental issues due to unrecycled livestock waste.
d) The El Niño effect globally raised sea temperatures from 1997 to 1998, leading to widespread coral bleaching in the Ryukyu Islands during the summer in 1998. Subsequently, although coral coverage showed signs of recovery, massive bleaching recurred in 2016 and 2022.
e) In natural resource-limited island regions, diverse elements have been valued as "resources" against the backdrop of rare nature. Traditional Ecological Knowledge and languages have flourished to utilize these elements as "blessings" for food sources, construction materials, medicinal purposes, and more. Techniques have been developed to convert these elements into valuable assets for human life. The interaction between the cultural diversity nurtured by these people as a survival base and biodiversity is termed "biocultural diversity." In recent times, there's an increased recognition of the importance of cultural values such as wisdom, techniques, economic practices, worldview, developed over years of human-nature interaction, in the context of global biodiversity conservation and environmental problem-solving. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) (also known as the ‘Earth Summit’) held in Brazil in June 1992 adopted the "Convention on Biological Diversity". It aimed at encompassing biodiversity within the framework of global collaboration, emphasizing not only biodiversity conservation but also the protection of traditional cultures related to resource utilization and fair distribution of benefits, highlighting the cultural and social sustainability of human activities. Subsequently, the interaction between region-specific biological diversity and cultural diversity has been elucidated through Maffi's research from a biocultural perspective. As a result, the theory of biocultural diversity has gained attention as a concept related to biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and the realization of human potential in organizations such as the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (Maffi 2010, Hong 2014, Wantzen et al. 2023).
f) The biodiversity in Okinawa showcases a unique richness, where diverse ecosystems such as coral reefs and subtropical forests intricately intertwine. However, this abundant nature has faced significant crises due to human activities, particularly in war, post-war US military base construction, rampant development post-Japan's reversion in 1972, urbanization, and the tourism industry. Not only do these crises entail the loss of healthy ecosystems, but they also pose a crisis for valuing natural resources multifacetedly as "resources" and for creating a diversity of knowledge and techniques for resource utilization, encompassing the crisis of living in a more humane way.
Based on above background, this project aims to: 1) scientifically elucidate connections facilitated through the land-to-sea water cycle using various stable isotopes, environmental tracers, and metagenomic analyses, comprehending and predicting the response of multiple resources to climate change and socio-economic shifts, 2) reveal the cultural values, connections, and diversity of nature nurtured within island life through a historical, ecological approach, and uncover mechanisms for maintaining survival bases in resource-limited island communities, 3) clarify the transitions and intricacies between local and global governance through behavioral sciences and multi-level institutional analysis, and 4) emphasize knowledge (scientific, local, policy) as a crucial component in adaptive governance, aiming to visualize their interrelations and attempting to integrate scientific knowledge with local knowledge in creating new value systems. Through these objectives, this project ultimately aims to contribute to the realization of a resilient, nature-symbiotic society capable of addressing climate change and socio-economic shifts in coral reef island systems.
How does the research contribute to the solution of the global environmental problems?
The targeted global environmental issues encompass three main areas: 1) Depletion and pollution of water resources and associated resources, 2) Degradation of coastal ecosystems represented by coral reef ecosystems that occur through the water cycle, and 3) Decrease in ecosystem services of coastal ecosystems affecting socio-economics. Through the lens of adaptive governance of multiple resources in island societies, this approach situates rapidly cycling coral reef island systems as experimental grounds most susceptible to global environmental changes and anthropogenic impacts. It seeks to elucidate how the latest scientific knowledge, together with normative traditional knowledge, relates to local knowledge and behavioral changes. Proposals for adaptive governance concerning the use and management of water resources, including coastal areas, are put forth as effective measures in vulnerable island regions. By disseminating academic research outcomes through collaborative action research involving stakeholders from various sectors, continual feedback into the local community occurs. Analyzing and exploring the norm-generation process necessary for stakeholder consensus formation contributes to addressing and resolving global environmental issues.
Methodology, structure and schedule
The LINKAGE project comprises four units -Natural System, Community Capability, Governance, and Knowledge-Bridging units. It adopts various research methodologies from natural sciences, humanities, and social sciences. Moreover, it integrates these insights, including data visualization, and actively engages in collaboration with society through action research, summer schools, roundtable conferences, among others. By establishing coordination among the units based on the targeted global environmental issues, we will conduct the "transdisciplinary research" that RIHN aims for.
The research areas include the Ryukyu Islands (Yoron Island, Okinawa Island, Tarama Island, Sekisei lagoon, Palau Islands, and the Wakatobi Islands in Indonesia. These islands exhibit diverse characteristics derived from various parameters such as topographical and geological features (high and low islands), status of water resources, characteristics of coastal ecosystems, presence of conservation areas, differences in socioeconomical and industrial structures. Keeping these island-specific features in mind, the research progresses by organizing commonalities and specificities for each island.
Expected results
In the LINKAGE project, the aim is to elucidate adaptive governance necessary for the utilization and management (governance) of multiple resources in tropical and subtropical island environments, with a focus on "water resources" and related resources. Understanding the interconnectedness between biodiversity and cultural diversity facilitated by the water cycle between land and sea, the complex interplay between awareness and institutions, and the emergent new insights from their integration are expected to lead to multifaceted proposals for choices. It is anticipated that this integrated approach will yield new insights that contribute to proposing multifaceted choices. Moreover, it aims to provide fresh insights into the transformation of values and behaviors concerning the utilization of sustainable and renewable natural resources.
Project organization and membership
The LINKAGE project comprises four units (Natural System, Community Capability, Governance, and Knowledge-Bridging units).
a) Natural System Unit (NU): This unit integrates researchers with diverse expertise in hydrology, geology, geochemistry, paleoenvironmental studies, coral reef ecology, biomineralization, environmental genomics and related fields to comprehensively study land-sea linkages in island water cycles. It particularly includes young researchers specializing in breeding experiments to investigate the impact of land-derived nutrients stored in submarine sediments on coral growth. Emphasis is placed on comprehensive on-site investigations that involve multidisciplinary researchers, as well as the active involvement of undergraduate and graduate students to enhance the educational impact of interdisciplinary Earth and environmental sciences.
b) Community Capability Unit (CCU): Comprising members from various backgrounds, including humanities (cultural anthropology, folklore studies, musicology), natural sciences (geography, biology, humanities informatics), local NGOs engaged in community-building based on cultural heritage and regional development, community museums, local government officials, and researchers in residence. This unit, enriched by the partnership with Prof. Sun Kee Hong, a leading expert in Asia-Pacific island studies (Institution for Marine and Island Cultures, Mokpo National University, Republic of Korea) through the MoU with RIHN and Mokpo National University in 2021, aims to comprehend and analyze human-nature interactions and their changes from multifaceted perspectives.
c) Governance Unit (GU): Formed by researchers specializing in institutional analysis and awareness surveys, this unit investigates the interplay between local and global governance in coral reef island systems. Its members have research expertise in environmental governance, groundwater governance, protected areas, biodiversity, and behavioral sciences.
d) Knowledge-Bridging Unit (KU): Facilitates communication and collaborative initiatives (participatory action research) among the aforementioned units, diverse stakeholders, and research outcomes. It includes individuals with proven track records in effective communication techniques, educational material development, and grassroots environmental conservation activities in Okinawa and Indonesia-based NGOs.
e) In Indonesia, MoU has been established in 2021 with Halu Oleo University (HOU). In May 2023, the core members visited Wakatobi Islands and exchanged views with staff of Wakatobi BAPPEDA and Muhammadiyah University of Technology and Business, Wakatobi. A MoU was signed in 2022 with the former and in 2023 with the latter organization.
f) In Palau, discussions have been initiated with JICA and JIRCAS to consider local partnerships.
Challenges and achievements for this year
Project overall progress
In the coral reef islands, external factors such as globalization, changes in industrial structures due to scientific and technological innovation, and climate change impacts have increased environmental burdens, leading to the degradation of water environment and coral reef ecosystems. Simultaneously, decline of the socio-cultural community capability became a threat to the sustainable utilization of multi-resources. Thus, LINKAGE project aims to construct adaptive governance for multi-resources, fostering diverse knowledge exchange among actors to enhance the resilience of water-cycle environment and coral reef ecosystem with the limited resources of islands. The progress until this fiscal year is as follows:
1. Impact of changes in industrial structures due to globalization and scientific/technological innovation, and climate change
a) To elucidate the changes in the global environment and the changes in land-use and marine environment, analysis of annual rings of coral skeleton of microatolls drilled at reef lagoon of Yoron Island was conducted.
b) It has been revealed that while rising seawater temperatures are the primary cause of coral bleaching, the influx of organic matter and nutrients from agriculture and livestock activities contributes to the decline in coral reef resilience.
2. Degradation of water environments and coral reef ecosystems due to increased environmental burdens
Land-sea linkages through the water cycle: Unveiling the relationship between coral coverage and accumulated phosphorus concentration
Factors negatively impacting coral ecosystem include red soil runoff and nutrient loading from terrestrial areas, yet the relationship between coral decline due to global warming and the actual extent of terrestrial impacts remains largely unclear. While an ordinance to prevent red soil runoff was enacted in 1995, effective measures addressing complex water cycles through groundwater and organic/nutrient loading have not been established. This project has elucidated that phosphates inhibit coral skeleton formation, accumulating in calcareous substrates and adversely affecting coral growth (Iijima et al., 2019, 2021, 2022). In the Sekisei Lagoon in South Ryukyus, our team members participated in the coral monitoring project with the Ministry of Environment for three years, identifying a significant correlation between accumulated phosphorus and coral bleaching and coral coverage decline, with a threshold estimated at 0.5–0.6 µg/g. Using accumulated phosphorus as an indicator enables long-term monitoring of water quality fluctuations and terrestrial impacts, offering a promising new indicator for coral reef conservation.
3. Impact on multiple resources due to the decline of socio-cultural community capability
Island communities with limited resources have traditionally utilized nature in unique, localized ways. However, concerns are rising over the decline of Traditional Ecological Knowledge, techniques, and resources themselves due to a lack of successors and shifts in livelihoods. This project focuses on biocultural diversity to elucidate human-nature relationships through the following analyses: 1) the use of biological resources and changes in livelihoods, 2) Traditional Ecological Knowledge and techniques in perceiving nature, 3) the role of expressive activities in human-nature interactions, 4) mechanisms for socially coordinating natural resource use, and 5) key factors supporting local economies. The research revealed island-specific ingenuity, such as the use of firewood and toxic plants, alongside a worldview that regards nature both as a "blessing" to be cherished and as a force to be revered. Art-based research further showed that connections with nature are expressed in diverse forms, including songs, sounds, and paintings. However, dependency on external economies and population decline pose significant challenges to the transmission of this heritage. Notably, movements to create new tools and establish local certification systems have emerged. In 2023, a special issue titled Biocultural Diversity and Islandness was published in an international journal, accompanied by presentations at international conferences to build a research network. Additionally, behavioral science perspectives were applied to investigate topics such as human mobility in nature reserves and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
4. Adaptive governance of multiple resources
This project aims to address external factors such as urbanization and climate change, focusing on the restoration of aquatic environments and ecosystems, the enhancement of diversity to strengthen community capability, and the improvement of resilience to global shocks. This section outlines the achievements while identifying challenges related to "awareness," "organization," and "norms" concerning adaptive governance of multiple resources.
a) Awareness: Producing of learning tools and contents
・We developed and utilized 3D Projection Mapping Model (P+MM) as a learning tool. P+MM is a visualization tool projecting various information onto a 3D model through projection mapping. In 2022, P+MM of the southern Okinawa Island was completed, and this was utilized in community discussions, contributing to the project's aim of "integrating scientific and local knowledge through visualization". In 2023, the Yoron Island version was created, enhancing the content. Use cases were also presented at international conferences (AN 24).
・Publishing the LINKAGE booklet series as a communication tool with the community (Table 1).
b) Organization: Constructing opportunities and communities for mutual learning
・At Yoron Island, the "Mizunowa (water cycle) Lab Yoron" (environmental educational event) has been conducted to share scientific knowledge with local residents, providing an opportunity to learn about reconstructing ancient environments from corals.
・Dialogue-based activity, "Mizunowa College" of Yaese Town, involves farmers, students, chamber of commerce members, and urban residents participate for learning and practicing environmental-friendly food and agriculture.
c) Norms: From Learning to Behavioral Change:
Our study revealed that accumulated phosphorus inhibits coral skeletal growth. However, current environmental standards targeting coral reef areas domestically or internationally are scarce. ’The ‘Basic Act on Ocean Policy’ lacks awareness of the connection between land and sea. Moreover, despite coastal land development significantly affecting the sea, there are no cases specifically focused on conserving coral reef ecosystems. Integrated water resource management stands as a representative system related to the water cycle. Although Japan enacted the Water Circulation Basic Act in 2015, emphasizing the importance of groundwater as public water, coastal areas are not included, neglecting marine ecosystem conservation. The discussion about environmental issues and resource management considering land and sea as an integrated entity is a crucial challenge.
d) Theorization: A review of adaptive governance and groundwater governance was advanced, and to elucidate the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary characteristics of the LINKAGE project, interviews were initiated by experts specializing in inter-organizational relationships.
Amendments to research objectives, methodology and organization as applicable
To clarify the processes and performance characteristics of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research in relation to collaboration between units and with stakeholders, a researcher specializing in inter-organizational relationships was newly added to the team. Additionally, to uncover how coral reefs and island regions have been positioned within national and local government policy frameworks, text mining of various documents was undertaken.
Results achieved this year
1. Impact of changes in industrial structures due to globalization and scientific/technological innovation, and climate change
a) Analysis of coral cores from Yoron Island showed 300 years of reef environmental changes, with carbon isotope data indicating rising atmospheric CO2 since the industrial revolution.
b) Aerial photography, remote sensing, and GIS revealed that land-use changes on Yoron Island affect coral reefs via groundwater interactions.
c) Collaborative research with the Ministry of the Environment’s Sekisei Lagoon Project found that 84% of corals experienced bleaching this year.
2. Deterioration of water environment/coral reef ecosystems due to increased environmental stress
a) Monitoring in Sekisei Lagoon since 2021 confirmed a strong link between accumulated phosphorus and coral decline, bleaching, and colony density reduction. Livestock waste on Kuroshima and aquaculture discharge on Taketomi Island were identified as key sources. Experiments indicated that phosphorus-rich sediments could cause coral larval mortality and increase organic matter, promoting bacterial growth and coral decline.
b) Three-dimensional water and material cycle models were developed for southern Okinawa Island, Yoron Island, and Kuroshima, achieving high accuracy through the integration of GNSS-based groundwater level observation data.
c) In mid-December, HOU and Japanese researchers conducted a joint survey on Wangi-Wangi Island, including groundwater sampling, sensor installation for water level and salinity monitoring, and sediment and seawater collection from coral reefs. BRIN drone specialists also analyzed land use patterns. CCU researcher conducted a preliminary survey on traditional land and sea resource management, trade with other islands, and community-based tourism on Wangi-Wangi Island in December 2024. We had a dialogue about collaboration for biocultural diversity survey in the coral islands with ITBMW.
3. Impact on multiple resources due to the decline of socio-cultural community capability
a) Discussions on the diversity of nature's values and biocultural diversity
Through citizen-participatory research, the diverse values of nature and the historical transitions in resource utilization were investigated. Fieldwork conducted on both high and low islands revealed the actual conditions of multi-resource use and management, including the utilization of cash crops, firewood, and toxic organisms. The findings highlighted three key factors essential for enhancing the potential of island communities: 1) the transmission of Traditional Ecological Knowledge and techniques to mitigate social and individual risks, 2) the layered and flexible networks among islands, and 3) ensuring leadership capacity and the presence of multiple leaders. Administrative statistical records, municipal histories, and inspection reports from the late 19th century were digitized, and collaborative efforts between CCU and NU initiated the development of a digital map.
b) Awareness Survey on the Water Cycle:
In March 2024, a framing experiment involving 5,032 Indonesian residents was conducted to examine the impacts of groundwater’s invisibility, with results compared to a similar survey in Japan conducted in 2023. The findings revealed that while interest in groundwater is low in Japan, there is no significant difference in interest between river water and groundwater in Indonesia.
4. Adaptive Governance of Multiple Resources
a) Awareness: Producing of learning tools and contents
・The P+MM for Yoron Island was developed using terrain models and open data (e.g., topography, geology, aerial photos, land use), with plans to incorporate LINKAGE outcomes. A geology field excursion for middle school students is planned on Okinoerabu Island in January 2025.
・A board game co-developed with local residents was introduced into middle school inquiry-based learning under the "Yunnu Studies" curriculum, promoting problem-solving education, in collaboration with the Yoron Town Marine Education Promotion Council.
・A participatory research tool for biocultural diversity surveys was created, with a low-island version completed. Interviews on Kume Island were conducted with the Ryukyu University Dialect Club, and versions for Miyako, Yaeyama, and the Wakatobi Islands are in development.
b) Organization: Constructing opportunities and communities for mutual learning
・The “Yunnu Old Photograph Survey of Island Nature and Life” held a workshop in January 2024, followed by the third exhibition in February. Results were archived and shared as a booklet with libraries and schools. The fourth exhibition, themed “To prepare and Transformation” focusing on disaster prevention, is planned for February 2025.
・In March 2024, as part of an art-based research project with musicians, the workshop “Talk & Performance: Songscapes of Two Islands’ Springs” was held on Ie Island. It explored land-sea water connections through music, contributing to dialogical method theory and the booklet “Reweaving Expression and Knowledge 02.”
・In collaboration with Ishigaki City and Taketomi Town Boards of Education, the "Yaeyama School Rice Farming Experience Summit (Online Classes)" was held, with about 90 elementary school students participating. Supported by JA, each child received 1 kg of rice (350 kg total). The initiative encouraged reflection on the water cycle through rice paddies. A pamphlet titled “A Selection of 105 Flora and Fauna of Land and Sea in Yaeyama” was also distributed to all schoolchildren and stakeholders.
c) Norms formation: From Learning to Behavioral change
The Ministry of the Environment’s Sekisei Lagoon Nature Restoration Council established the “Land-Sea Connection Working Group,” sharing survey results 2–3 times a year with Ishigaki City and Taketomi Town officials. This advanced ordinance proposals and conservation efforts.
d) Theorization: Conducting meta-analysis and systematic review
・A case survey analysis of adaptive governance studies found many overlook scientific knowledge, traditional knowledge, and ecological conditions. Collaboration and flexibility positively impact social and economic conditions but show limited links to other factors (see details in 8).
・A collaborative study between GU and CCU identified key interdisciplinary challenges, including the "absence of a common language," "differences in scientific philosophy," and "scale perception misalignment." The project’s general assembly proposed conceptual alignment and scale adjustments.
Results can be evaluated as having overfulfilled
The link between coral reef degradation and terrestrial load was clarified and shared in a mutual learning setting, prompting administrative changes like forming the Ishigaki City Coral Conservation Team, exceeding initial goals. Collaborations on rice cultivation programs and Crested Serpent Eagle roadkill prevention also advanced, demonstrating potential synergies.
Points to be evaluated that the goals were not reached
None
Notable achievements and challenges as to contribution to the RIHN programs
LINKAGE views coral reef islands as integrated land-sea systems, aiming to uncover thresholds and linkages to build resilient societies. This approach aligns with the Taniguchi Program, contributing to the development of tools that foster value shifts and behavioral changes, as well as to the monitoring of interactions between nature and society.
Future tasks
Natural System Unit
a) Groundwater electrical exploration (Wakatobi)
b) Groundwater investigation and monitoring (Yoron Island, Southern Okinawa Island)
c) Environmental DNA analysis (Ishigaki Island, Sekisei Lagoon, Wakatobi)
d) Coral reef analysis (Yoron Island, Sekisei Lagoon, Wakatobi)
e) Accumulated phosphorus investigation and monitoring (Sekisei Lagoon, Wakatobi)
f) Chemical analysis and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of coral cores (Yoron Island)
g) Development of a 3D water cycle simulation model (Yoron Island, Sekisei Lagoon, Wakatobi)
h) On-site assessment of water environment and coral reef Conditions (Palau)
Community Capability Unit
a) Interviews on natural utilization, Traditional Ecological Knowledge, social norms, local economy, etc. (various islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago and Wakatobi)
b) Old Photography survey of Island Nature and Livelihood (Yoron Island)
c) Research-based art practices (Miyako Island, Yoron Island, Yomitan Village)
d) Publication of booklet series: Learning with Islands 02
e) Study meeting for publishing research outcomes
Governance Unit
a) Institutional analysis of nature reserves (Japan, Wakatobi)
b) Institutional analysis of groundwater management (Japan, Wakatobi)
c) Institutional analysis and awareness surveys on land-sea connections (Japan, Wakatobi)
d) Meta-Analysis of adaptive governance research (Literature survey and analysis)
e) Meta-Analysis of groundwater governance research (Literature survey and analysis)
f) Text mining of policy documents
Knowledge-Bridging Unit
a) Revision of P+MM content (Yoron Island)
b) Mizunowa Lab Yoron (science workshops for the general public) (Yoron Island)
c) Elementary and Junior School Geological Excursion (Okinoerabu Island)
d) Development of Environmental Education Materials (Yoron Island, Okinoerabu Island)
e) Okinawa Prefectural Koyo High School SSH science training at RIHN (Yaese Town)
f) Hosting Open Seminars (including Zoom sessions)
g) Paddy practice summit at schools, booklet publication (Yaeyama Islands)
h) Creation of a video introducing Yoron Island's water circulation (Yoron Island)
i) Results presentation and opinion exchange Meetings at islands (Yoron Island, Ishigaki Island, Wakatobi)
j) Team Meetings with all members participating (approximately twice a year)Tasks for the next fiscal year onward
a) Creating Collaborative Spaces:
There is a variation in residents' norms concerning resource use and environmental issues across different islands. Collaboration among diverse stakeholders is essential for activities directed towards a common goal like coral reef preservation on the islands. In the Yaeyama Islands, mechanisms exist for collaboration among diverse stakeholders such as the Sekisei Lagoon Natural Restoration Council, where LINKAGE can support activities. However, most islands lack such "spaces," making the creation of these spaces the initial challenge. On Yoron Island, efforts are directed towards building a "space" by strengthening relationships with various departments of municipal administrative officials, visualizing monitoring results, enhancing information sharing and mutual understanding, strengthening initiatives from the residents' side, and aiming to create a "space" for sharing common challenges between the administration and residents.
b) Challenges in Overseas Expansion: Insufficient Research Funding
Overseas investigations in Indonesia and Palau have incurred higher-than-anticipated costs, including travel expenses, personnel costs, and fees for engaging experts. To address this, efforts are being made to secure substantial external funding. Notably, a proposal led by LINKAGE researchers, focusing on Palau as a primary research site, was approved under the 2024 Scientific Capacity Development (CAPaBLE) program of the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN).
Challenges in observational and monitoring equipment
Due to the diverse methodologies required for observing and monitoring natural environments, RIHN has accumulated a variety of equipment through past projects. However, many devices are now inoperable due to aging and wear. To support emerging monitoring techniques, enhancing and upgrading the research and observational equipment is highly desirable.